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- ± BUSINESS, Page 42Battle for the Future
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- Unless the U.S. can match Japan's all-out research effort, the
- race to dominate 21st century technology may be over before it
- has begun
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- If a modern-day Rip Van Winkle were to fall into a deep
- sleep for the next ten or 20 years, he might wake up to the
- whoosh of trains being propelled through the air by
- superconducting magnets. He might observe crowds of commuters
- toting supercomputers the size of magazines. In average homes,
- he might see 7-ft. TV images as crisp as 35-mm slides and
- enticing new food products concocted in the lab. But if he
- could read the labels on those futuristic creations, he might
- also discover the outcome of America's struggle to remain the
- leading technological superpower. Sad to say, a majority of
- those products might well bear the words MADE IN JAPAN.
-
- That is the worrisome analysis of U.S. experts in
- Government, industry and academia. Virtually every week seems to
- bring fresh evidence that Japan is catching up with the U.S. --
- and often surpassing it -- in creating the cutting-edge products
- that long were the turf of U.S. firms. Last week the American
- Electronics Association reported that from 1984 through 1987
- electronics production rose 75% in Japan, vs. a paltry 8% in the
- U.S. Most ominously for the U.S., Japan made its gains in
- increasingly sophisticated components, such as the disk drives
- and optical-storage devices used for today's higher-powered
- computers. Says L. William Krause, chairman of AEA: "The
- Japanese are eating their way up the electronics food chain."
-
- Now come indications that Japan is ahead in developing many
- of the building blocks of 21st century technology. Last week a
- presidential panel reported that U.S. efforts to exploit recent
- breakthroughs in superconductivity were seriously fragmented
- alongside Japan's. The Japanese have not only filed more than
- 2,000 patents worldwide, but have already started to develop
- motors and generators using the superconductors. U.S. projects
- are still in the planning stage and, in the words of the
- report, "unlikely to survive what we believe will be a
- long-distance race."
-
- U.S. researchers harbor similar fears about falling behind
- in a broad range of disciplines, from optical electronics to
- supercomputers. While the U.S. is still plowing ahead in pure
- science, American industry has fallen behind in the race to turn
- those advances into products that are reliable, reasonably
- priced and directed toward the needs of consumers. "America is
- probably the world's greatest innovator nation," says Robert
- White, president of the National Academy of Engineering, "but we
- don't have the ability to capture the benefits of those
- scientific discoveries." The risk is that the U.S. will lose
- its competitive advantage even before the marketing contest has
- begun.
-
- For the U.S., the good news is that the Government is waking
- up to the threat from Japan and beginning to respond in a very
- Japanese way: by encouraging rival firms to cooperate rather
- than compete on the most difficult research tasks. The U.S. is
- making concerted efforts in several strategically important
- fields:
-
- Superconductors. These extraordinary materials, which carry
- electrical current without resistance, may be used to build
- battery-like devices that store power indefinitely or
- supercomputers many times smaller than today's. In 1986 American
- researchers discovered a new class of ceramics that become
- superconductors without having to be cooled to nearly absolute
- zero (-460 degrees F). Nine months later, President Reagan
- announced an eleven-point Superconductivity Initiative that
- included plans for relaxing antitrust laws to allow
- joint-production ventures. Last week's report, citing Japan's
- rapid advances, called for creation of four to six research
- consortiums that would pool the talents of leading scientists
- from industry, academia and the national laboratories.
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- Advanced semiconductors. Scientists on both sides of the
- Pacific are moving beyond silicon as a base material and
- creating superfast computer chips of such exotic materials as
- gallium arsenide and indium phosphide. The Japanese have
- already taken a decisive lead in a new manufacturing technology
- that could pack a thousand times more data into a single chip
- by using X rays rather than light to etch the tiny circuits.
- The U.S. semiconductor industry has responded by forming a
- research consortium called Sematech to develop advanced
- chipmaking tools. Last year Austin-based Sematech got its first
- $100 million transfusion from the Department of Defense,
- bringing its annual budget to $250 million.
-
- High-definition TV. The Japanese have taken a daunting head
- start in the race to develop television of the future. In 1987
- Japan launched a 20-year project to perfect and market HDTV
- worldwide. The new televisions would not only double the
- resolution of the images on home TV screens but could also have a
- ripple effect on the rest of the electronics industry by
- creating huge market opportunities in semiconductors, computers
- and VCRs. Support is building in Congress and the Commerce and
- Defense Departments for a national program to ensure that the
- market for this product does not become another virtual
- Japanese monopoly. The AEA's Krause has proposed a joint
- Government-industry venture to wire almost every U.S. home with
- cables capable of carrying HDTV signals, a project he estimates
- would cost about $20 billion annually for a decade.
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- Biotechnology. Prowess in creating new life-forms in the lab
- is one of the bright spots on the U.S. technological horizon.
- Yet Japan has launched an initiative targeting biotechnology as
- one of the "next-generation industries" it wants to dominate.
- The centerpiece of the U.S. response is the Government's mammoth
- effort, known as the genome project, to map and analyze all the
- genetic material in the human cell. Last fall the National
- Institutes of Health announced that the $3 billion, 15-year
- project would be led by biologist James Watson, the Nobel
- laureate who discovered the molecular structure of
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with Britain's Francis Crick in
- 1953.
-
- Cooperative projects are not the only ingredient in Japan's
- stunning progress. Japan has other advantages that may be more
- difficult for the U.S. to imitate: first-rate technical-training
- programs, intense corporate loyalty among its work force, and
- a culture that confers high status on manufacturers and
- engineers. But a little Japanese-style teamwork, in which
- companies pool their resources on long-term research, could do
- wonders in the U.S. "The Japanese don't share all their secrets
- either," says John Young, CEO of Hewlett-Packard. "They get
- people to develop the basic technology, and then they go home
- and build like crazy."
-
- The first high-tech consortiums in the U.S. have had rocky
- beginnings. The Austin-based Microelectronics and Computer
- Technology Corp., which a group of electronics companies formed
- in 1982 for research in advanced computer technology, was shaky
- at first because member firms were reluctant to share their best
- researchers and ideas with rivals. But retired Admiral Bobby
- Inman, former deputy director of the CIA who headed MCC until
- 1986, melted their resistance. Now under the stewardship of
- former Texas Instruments executive Grant Dove, MCC has brought
- to market its first products, including a new method for
- connecting chips to circuit boards and software that uses
- artificial intelligence to speed the development of complex
- microcircuits.
-
- Such cooperative efforts tend to go against the grain in the
- U.S., where entrepreneurs often view their colleagues as blood
- rivals. "America has been wickedly competitive within itself,"
- observes Robert Noyce, a co-inventor of the integrated circuit
- and near legendary figure from Silicon Valley who now heads
- Sematech. The danger is that by focusing too much on short-term
- competitive standings, U.S. industry will spend too little time
- preparing for the future. The most complex technologies require
- long-term planning and investments, and the payoffs, while
- potentially enormous, may be long delayed. But U.S. business
- leaders are showing signs that they realize, as the Japanese
- surely do, that the technological leader of 2009 is being
- determined today.
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